ABSTRACT
The musculus sternalis is an anatomical variant that occurs in 3-8 % of the world population and its incidence is higher in women. It can be found unilaterally or bilaterally and is located in the anterior wall of the thorax, where its fibers run parallel to the sternum and superficial to the medial part of the pectoralis major muscle. The main objective of this study was to quantify the incidence of musculus sternalis in the population of Caldas (Colombia) and, therefore, 68 cadavers of adult individuals were used during a period of twenty years to determine the incidence of this muscle and describe its anatomical characteristics. Two cadavers had this muscle, which was equivalent to 2.94 % of the sample, where one was located unilaterally and in other bilaterally. In the case of unilateral presence, the muscle presented an oblique direction thatdoes not coincide with any subtype of the classification given for these muscles. In bilateral presentation, both muscles were continuous at their upper ends with the respective sternocleidomastoid muscle. In addition, the right musculus sternalis had a digastric shape, which also does not coincide with any subtype of the classification.
El músculo esternal es una variante anatómica que se presenta entre el 3 % y 8 % de la población mundial y su incidencia es mayor en mujeres. Puede hallarse de manera unilateral o bilateral y se localiza en la pared anterior del tórax, donde sus fibras corren paralelas al esternón y superficial a la región medial del músculo pectoral mayor. El objetivo del presente estudio fue cuantificar la incidencia del músculo esternal en la población de Caldas (Colombia). Fueron revisados 68 cadáveres de individuos adultos durante un lapso de doce años, con el fin de determinar el grado de presencialidad del músculo y sus características anatómicas. Dos cadáveres, que equivale al 2,94 % de la muestra, presentaron el músculo esternal, uno de manera unilateral y el otro bilateral, a los cuales se les hizo una descripción anatómica detallada. En la presentación unilateral, el músculo presentó una dirección oblicua que no coincide con ningún subtipo de la clasificación dada para estos músculos. En la presentación bilateral, ambos músculos se continúan por su extremo superior con el respectivo músculo esternocleidomastoideo. Además, el músculo esternal derecho tiene una configuración digástrica, que tampoco coincide con ningún subtipo de la clasificación.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pectoralis Muscles/anatomy & histology , Sternum/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Colombia , Anatomic VariationABSTRACT
El Saguinus leucopus es un primate neotropical, endémico y monotípico de Colombia, con escasos estudios sobre su anatomía, en especial de sus músculos, siendo estos un elemento fundamental para la locomoción activa de este primate en los árboles. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la anatomía macroscópica del músculo braquiorradial del tití gris (Saguinus leucopus), tomando como base del estudio diez especímenes fijados con formalina al 10%, y a cada uno de ellos se les disecó los dos miembros torácicos de superficial a profundo, describiendo la forma, el origen, la inserción, la inervación y la irrigación del músculo braquiorradial. Se concluye que es un músculo que presenta una morfología, que debe contribuir a los movimientos flexores y supinadores del codo, y puede llegar a tener una cabeza accesoria en esta especie.
The Saguinus leucopus is a neotropical, endemic, and monotypic Colombian primate; few studies have been reported about its anatomy, specially about its muscles, this being a fundamental element for the active motion of this primate in the trees. The aim of this study was to describe the gross anatomy of the brachioradialis muscle on the white-footed tamarin (Saguinus leucopus). Ten specimens were included in the study, fixed with formalin at 10% and their thoracic limbs dissected, from the superficial to the deep plane, describing the form, origin, insertion, innervation and irrigation of the Brachioradialis muscle. The conclusion we made is that this muscle represents a morphology and in this way it must contribute to the flexor and supinator elbow movements, and would have an accessory head in this species.
Subject(s)
Animals , Elbow/anatomy & histology , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Saguinus/anatomy & histology , ColombiaABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for mortality in non-(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV) infected children with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia(PCP). Methods The data of non-HIV infected children with PCP diagnosed in Beijing Children′s Hospital from January 1,2006 to December 31,2012 were collected. They were divided into survival and non-survival group according to the prognosis. The epidemiologic characteristics and risk factors for mortality were analyzed. Results Sixteen patients were enrolled in this study. Ten of them survived and 6 of them were non-survived. The basic diseases included malignant tumor in 5 patients and non-malignancy diseases in 11 of them. Com-pared with the survival group,the non-survival group had a higher average age [(12. 00 ± 2. 00) years vs. (6. 65 ± 4. 32)years,P=0. 01],higher ratio to need mechanical ventilation (6/6 vs. 4/10,P=0. 04),lower PaO2/FiO2[(73. 88 ±26. 95) mmHg vs. (167. 50 ± 97. 17) mmHg,1 mmHg=0. 133 kPa,P=0. 01] and lower pediatric critical illness score(75. 67 ± 5. 72 vs. 86. 40 ± 8. 88,P=0. 02). There were no differences on sex ratio,kinds of basic diseases,whether with co-infections,the time of immunosuppressant administration, the time from onset to diagnosis,the time from onset to beginning trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy, PaCO2 ,white blood cell counts,lymphocyte counts,CD4+ cell counts,C-reactive protein,and hemoglobin con-centrations between the survival and non-survival group. Conclusion A higher age, need for mechanical ventilation,lower PaO2/FiO2 and lower pediatric critical illness score were risk factors for mortality in non-HIV infected children with PCP.
ABSTRACT
This review focuses on biological characteristics of Echinococcus f elidis including molecular genetic markers , species status ,host coverage ,geographical distribution ,epidemiological implications ,phylogeny ,and evolution .The molecular genetic markers are involved in mitochondrial cox1 (cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1) and nad1 (nicotinamide adenine dinucle-otide dehydrogenase subunit 1) genes ,nuclear protein-coding gene sequences such as elp (ezrin-radixin-moesin-like protein) , e f1a (elongation factor 1 alpha) ,pepck (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ) ,pold (DNA polymerase delta ) ,and ribosome RNA gene sequences such as ITS1 and 18S rRNA .The establishment of species status is based on distinctly discriminated mor-phological characteristics such as hooks on the rostrum with apparent rugae ,the special definitive host (lions) ,and divergence of DNA sequences ,etc .between E . f elidis and other Echinococcus species .In brief ,the review has provided researchers and ex-perts in the field of echinococcosis with fundamental background knowledge and guidelines for future research directions ,clinical and epidemiological investigations ,and prevention and control of echinococcosis .
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Las quemaduras representan una enorme injuria biológica y causan severas alteraciones metabólicas; son propensas a infección secundaria y producen alteraciones sistémicas, teniendo como consecuencias importantes deformidades, así como también limitaciones funcionales con su respectivo costo socioeconómico. Objetivos. Determinar la magnitud y características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las quemaduras en pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Quemados. Métodos. El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo realizado en pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de Quemados del Hospital Luis Vernaza, de la ciudad de Guayaquil. Resultados. Se observó predominio del sexo masculino (69.7%), con edad comprendida entre los 31 45 años (35,4%). La causa más frecuente se refiere a los accidentes domésticos (51,6%) y de trabajo (49,3%)
Introduction. Burns are an enormous biological and cause severe injury metabolic disorders, are prone to secondary infection and systemic alterations, with important consequences deformities as well as functional limitations with its own socio-economic cost. Objectives. To determine the incidence and prevalence of burns patients admitted to the Burns Unit. Knowing the causes of burns patients in the study. Set which gender is most affected. Identify the most vulnerable age groups. Prescribe the treatment to be established once the depth of injury. Knowing the place where most accidents occur frequently associated with burns. Methods. This study is descriptive. Study of patients admitted to the Burns Unit of Hospital Luis Vernaza, the city of Guayaquil. Results. There was a predominance of males (69.7%) between the 31 - 45 years (35.4%). The most frequently refers to domestic accidents (51.6%) and work (49.3%). Keywords: Epidemiologic Study Characteristics, Burns/complications, Burn Units, incidence, epidemiology/statistics & numerical data.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Patients , Burns , Burns/complications , Preventive Health Services , Accident Prevention , InfectionsABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: O propósito do presente estudo é revisar aspectos epidemiológicos das fraturas desviadas do acetábulo tratadas cirurgicamente no Instituto Nacional de Ortopedia e Traumatologia (INTO). MÉTODOS: Analisamos, retrospectivamente, 126 fraturas de acetábulo tratadas cirurgicamente no INTO, no período de março de 2006 a novembro de 2008. Levamos em consideração: idade; sexo; mecanismo de trauma; classificação da lesão; tempo decorrido entre o trauma e o tratamento cirúrgico; lado acometido; lesões ósseas associadas. RESULTADOS: 76,8 por cento são do sexo masculino, a média da idade foi de 39,6 anos; quanto ao mecanismo de trauma, 59 por cento foram por acidente automobilístico; o tempo decorrido entre a lesão e o tratamento cirúrgico foi em média 16,4 dias; 55 por cento casos foram do lado direito; 30 por cento pacientes apresentavam fraturas associadas. CONCLUSÃO: A maior parte dos pacientes é do sexo masculino, na faixa etária economicamente ativa, e vítima de acidente de trânsito, sendo as fraturas da reborda e/ou coluna posterior as mais frequentes. Lesões associadas são comuns e a maior parte das fraturas operadas em nosso serviço é envelhecida.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to review epidemiological aspects of displacement fractures of the acetabulum treated surgically at the Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopoedia (INTO). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 126 acetabulum fractures treated surgically at the INTO in the period from March 2006 to November 2008. The following elements were taken in account: age, sex, mechanism of injury, classification, time elapsed between trauma and surgery, affected side, associated bone injuries. RESULTS: 76.8 percent were male, the mean age was 39.6 years. 59 percent of the traumas were due to traffic accidents; time between injury and surgery was on average 16.4 days; 55 percent of cases were on the right side; 30 percent of patients had associated fractures. CONCLUSION: Most patients are male, in an economically active age group, and are victims of traffic accidents. Fractures of edge and/or posterior column are the most frequent. Associated injuries are common and most of the fractures operated in our service are delayed.